Appeal against confirming conviction
1. The appellant before this Court has challenged the order of the High Court (dated 18.05.2011) which has dismissed his appeal while upholding his conviction and sentence by the Trial Court for offences under Sections 302 and 307 of the Indian Penal Code, for which he has been sentenced for life imprisonment and 7 years of rigorous imprisonment respectively.
Police guard executed the murder inside the police station
3. As the facts of the case would reveal the present case is of a brazen murder, committed inside a Police Station in Delhi. The prosecution case is that the appellant, who was posted as a police guard at Mayur Vihar Police Station, Delhi, executed this murder inside the police station, while he was on duty!
Illicit relationship is the motive of murder
4. The deceased was married to the appellant’s first cousin and was also his neighbour. The prosecution case is that the deceased had an illicit relationship with the wife of the appellant. There are more than one witnesses to the fact that the deceased and the appellant were last seen together in conversation with each other inside the police station even minutes before these witnesses saw the appellant killing the deceased with his official 9 m.m. carbine.
FIR was registered under sections 302 & 307 IPC
5. An FIR was lodged at Police Station Mayur Vihar, New Delhi on 30.06.2002 at 2:30 pm, under Sections 302/307 IPC on the narration of PW-2 who was posted at the Police Station, Mayur Vihar, New Delhi as Head Constable at the relevant point of time. PW-2 states that on the date of the incident she reached the Police Station at around 11.30 am and saw the appellant talking to the deceased. She further states that at around 11.40 am, she heard sounds of fire and then saw the deceased running towards the Duty Officer’s room; he was bleeding with his hands held up in the air. The appellant was seen firing at the deceased from his Carbine. When the firing stopped, the deceased was seen lying outside the duty officer’s room, bleeding profusely. The appellant was apprehended along with his carbine by the police staff, and PW-2 who was also injured in the firing was taken to the LBS Hospital where she received medical aid, and later lodged the FIR.
Charge sheet, Trial and conviction
6. The police after its investigation filed chargesheet and the case was committed to Sessions, where charges were framed under Sections 302/307 of IPC against the present appellant. The prosecution examined as many as 27 witnesses. The accused, after giving his statement under Section 313 CrPC, had also examined a witness as DW-1. The Trial Court ultimately convicted and sentenced the appellant under Sections 302 and 307 IPC as already stated above.
Self-defence taken by the appellant
9. The accused/appellant who as we shall see, has neither denied the incident nor the fact that he killed the deceased. His argument is that he did it as a matter of self-defence, and in the alternative if self-defence is not accepted by the Court, then it was a case of grave and sudden provocation at best, which led to the death of the deceased at the hands of the appellant. In other words, if at all, the appellant can be punished only for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
The entire case of the defence is built on the above statement of the accused appellant, which is that it was the 6 deceased who had come rushing to the Police Station on that fateful day knowing very well that the appellant was posted there as a guard. He then tried to snatch the weapon from the appellant and in this scuffle, shots were fired from the weapon, which was an accident, which ultimately led to the death of the deceased. This, in short is the case of the defence.
PW-2 is the eye-witness, complainant and the head constable of the station and has corroborated the version of the prosecution in every angle
The prosecution case is primarily based on the statement of the eye witnesses present in the Police Station itself and mainly PW-2 who is a lady head constable and also the complainant. This witness has remained steadfast to her version of the incident, which was given in the first information report lodged by her; and later in her examination-in-chief and cross-examination, during the trial. She is an extremely credible and trustworthy witness and the veracity of her statement and deposition establishes the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt, and has its corroboration with other evidences, including ocular evidences of PW-1, PW-14 and PW-17, who were also constables or head Constables posted at Police Station Mayur Vihar, New Delhi, and were present at the Police Station at the relevant time. Additionally, this is also confirmed by the forensic evidence which was gathered by the Police during investigation from the site itself, to which we shall refer in a while.
10. In her examination-in-chief PW-2 says that on 30.06.2002, she was posted at Police Station, Mayur Vihar where she was to work as duty officer from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., but as she had some personal work in the morning that day, she had taken prior permission from the SHO to arrive late. She hence reached the P.S. at 11.35 a.m. and at the gate, she saw the appellant-Surender (whom she identifies in the court), and who was posted as guard in the same Police Station, talking to a stranger near a corner of the premises. She then went straight to her duty room and while she was talking to the Head Constable Om Pal (PW-1) from whom she had to take the charge, and where constable Vinod (PW-17) and DHG Jai Singh (PW-5) were also present along with Munshi Gulzari Lal, she suddenly heard sounds of bullet shots in the compound of the Police Station. Then she saw the person with whom the appellant was having a conversation (i.e. the deceased) rushing towards the duty officers’ room with his hands up in the air; and he was bleeding. She also saw Constable Surender (i.e. the appellant before this Court), chasing this person from behind, still firing from his 9mm carbine, aiming at the deceased. She as well as the head Constable Om Prakash, Constable Vinod and DHG Jai Singh bent down and took shield in order to avoid stray bullets. She then saw the deceased lying outside the room, bleeding profusely. By this time, she had realized that she too had received bullet injuries on her left shoulder. She was then taken to LBS Hospital by Head Constable Jai Prakash. It was in the hospital that she was informed that the deceased (Satish) was a relative of Surender and that he is now dead, due to the bullet injuries sustained in the firing.
Giving a long adjournment after allowing the defer petition may affect the fairness of the trial and may even endanger the safety of the witness
11. The defence did not cross-examine this witness immediately after her examination-in-chief, but sought that the cross examination be deferred, which was done and she was cross-examined only on 30.11.2004, which is more than two months after her examination-in-chief. We may just stop here for a while only to sound a note of caution. Such long adjournment as was given in this case after examination-in-chief, should never have been given. Reasons for this are many, but to our mind the main reason would be that this may affect the fairness of the trial and may even endanger, in a given case, the safety of the witness. As far as possible, the defence should be asked to cross examine the witness the same day or the following day. Only in very exceptional cases, and for reasons to be recorded, the cross examination should be deferred and a short adjournment can be given after taking precautions and care, for the witness, if it is required. We are constrained to make this observation as we have noticed in case after case that cross examinations are being adjourned routinely which can seriously prejudice a fair trial.
12. This Court had, on more than one occasion, condemned this practice of the trial court where examinations are deferred without sufficient reasons. We may refer here to some cases, which are State of U.P v. Shambhu Nath Singh (2001) 4 SCC 667; Ambika Prasad v. State (Delhi Admn.) (2000) 2 SCC 646; Mohd. Khalid v. State of W.B. (2002) 7 SCC 334.
13. As we have said cross examination can be deferred in exceptional cases and for reasons to be recorded by the Court, such as under sub-section 2 of Section 231 of CrPC but even here the adjournment is not to be given as a matter of right and ultimately it is the discretion of the Court. In State of Kerala v. Rasheed (2019) 13 SCC 297, this Court has set certain guidelines under which such an adjournment can be given. The emphasis again is on the fact that a request for deferral must be premised on sufficient reasons, justifying the deferral of cross examination of the witness.
As we could see from the records in the present case the cross examination of PW-2 was deferred precisely on grounds referred in sub-section (2) of Section 231 of CrPC. The defence requested to examine PW-2 with another prosecution witness (Vinod-PW-17). Yet the records of the case also reveal that though the cross-examination was deferred yet the other witness (PW-17) was examined much later, nearly a year after the cross examination of PW-2. We only wanted to record this cautionary note to make our point that this practice is not a healthy practice and the Courts should be slow in deferring these matters. The mandate of Section 231 of Cr.P.C and the law laid down on the subject referred above must be followed in its letter and spirit.
Thankfully, in the case at hand, the deferred cross-examination of PW-2 has not affected the course of the trial. This witness has remained consistent.
Post-Mortem report found 17 ante mortem injuries and bullets were also recovered from the deceased body
17. The post-mortem was conducted on 01.07.2002 by Dr. Vinay Kumar Singh (PW18) of LBS Hospital. He found 17 ante mortem injuries on the body of the deceased. He confirms his post-mortem report, in his deposition, where in his opinion the cause of death was shock resulting from fire arm injuries. He states that the injuries on the chest and on the back of the deceased were sufficient to cause his death. He also mentions that bullets were also recovered from the chest cavity of the deceased and one bullet was recovered from the right side of the back. There were 6 firearm entry wounds corresponding to 6 fire-arm exit wounds. At least one fire-arm entry wound has a blackening at the entry point which shows that this was fired at a point-blank range.
Eye-witnesses explains that the deceased was first shot from a close range
19. Taken together, all these evidences are unassailable. The case of the prosecution stands secured on these evidences. It is a clear case of murder. The motive for the appellant (admittedly the deceased was having an affair with the appellant’s wife), and the execution of the crime at the Police Station, all point towards the murder committed inside the police station by the present appellant. The one fire arm injury with blackening at the entry point also explains that the deceased was first shot from a close range. The remaining injuries also correlate with the testimony of the eye witnesses referred above.
Plea of self-defence not proved
20. The plea of self-defence and in the alternative the plea of grave and sudden provocation taken by the appellant is based on the theory that it was the deceased who came to the police station in full speed in his car thereby first hitting the gate of the police station and then making an attempt to snatch the weapon from the appellant in order to kill him. But these arguments do not hold any ground and most importantly there is not even an iota of evidence to sustain this bizarre line of defence.
21. Under Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act2, the burden of proof that the accused’s case falls within the general exception is upon the accused himself. This Court in State of M.P. v. Ramesh, (2005) 9 SCC 705 observed that:
“Under Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short “the Evidence Act”), the burden of proof is on the accused, who sets up the plea of selfdefence, and, in the absence of proof, it is not possible for the court to presume the truth of the plea of self-defence. The court shall presume the absence of such circumstances……Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence must be a reasonable and probable version satisfying the court that the harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the attack or for forestalling the further reasonable apprehension from the side of the accused.”
This burden of proof though is not as onerous as the burden of proof beyond all reasonable doubts which is on the prosecution, nevertheless some degree of reasonable satisfaction has to be established by the defence, when this plea is taken. (See:Salim Zia v. State of U.P., (1979) 2 SCC 648).
Plea of self-defence is childish
23. In fact, the plea of self-defence taken by the accused/appellant is childish to say the least, in the light of the facts of the case, and on the weight of the evidence of the prosecution. The case of the defence that the deceased came to the Police Station “unarmed” to kill the appellant knowing very well that the appellant was armed with a weapon is an awkward attempt to present the deceased as the aggressor. It does not make any sense. What is most important here is the eye-witness accounts of PW-2, PW-1, PW11 & PW-17, which prove that the appellant did not stop at the initial firing of the shot, which he had fired from a close range (the entry wound of gun shot with blackening). Instead, he continued to spray bullets on the deceased even when he was trying to escape. The eye witness accounts of four police personnels who were all present at the Police Station at that point of time, establish a case of murder beyond any reasonable doubt.
24. The defence again has not even been able to discharge its burden by showing that it is a case of grave and sudden provocation, though an attempt has been made by the defence to bring the case under Exception I to Section 300 IPC. There is however, nothing on record to show that the deceased hit the car at the gate of the Police Station, which was found parked inside that Police Station with no scratch on its body, thus disproving that it had hit the gate as was the case of the defence. Moreover, all the facts which have been placed before the Court show that it was the appellant who had a motive to kill the deceased as the deceased was having an illicit relationship with his wife. In spite of best efforts by the family members of the appellant and the deceased, the deceased continued with this relationship with the wife of the appellant. This was hence the motive for the appellant to kill the deceased.
Case is a clear murder and would not come into any exception
25. The appellant would argue that the Act attributable to him would fall under Exception 1 to Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code, which reads as under:
“Exception 1.—When culpable homicide is not murder.—Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, whilst deprived of the power of selfcontrol by grave and sudden provocation, causes the death of the person who gave the provocation or causes the death of any other person by mistake or accident. The above exception is subject to the following provisos:—
First.—That the provocation is not sought or voluntarily provoked by the offender as an excuse for killing or doing harm to any person.
Secondly.—That the provocation is not given by anything done in obedience to the law, or by a public servant in the lawful exercise of the powers of such public servant.
Thirdly.—That the provocation is not given by anything done in the lawful exercise of the right of private defence.
Explanation.—Whether the provocation was grave and sudden enough to prevent the offence from amounting to murder is a question of fact.”
According to the defence, the death of the deceased was caused by the appellant when the appellant was deprived of his power of self-control due to grave and sudden provocation caused by the deceased which resulted in his death by accident.
This court has reiterated in more than one cases right from K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1962 SC 605 onwards that provocation itself is not enough to reduce the crime from murder to culpable homicide not amounting to murder. In order to convert a case of murder to a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, provocation must me such that would temporarily deprive the power of self-control of a “reasonable person”. What has also to be seen is the time gap between this alleged provocation and the act of homicide; the kind of weapon used; the number of blows, etc. These are again all questions of facts. There is no standard or test as to what reasonableness should be in these circumstances as this would again be a question of fact to be determined by a Court. Nanavati (supra) answers this question as follows:
“section 84 & 85”
In the present case on every possible count the case is nothing but a case of murder. The nature of weapon used; the number of gun shots fired at the deceased; the part of the body where gun shots are fired, all point towards the fact that the appellant was determined to kill the deceased. Ultimately, he achieved his task and made sure that the deceased is dead. By no stretch of logic is it a case of any lesser magnitude, and definitely not culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
The facts of the present case do not even remotely make 23 out any case under Exception 1 to Section 300 of the IPC, or under any other Exception(s) to Section 300 of IPC.
Party
SURENDER SINGH …APPELLANT VERSUS STATE (NCT OF DELHI) …RESPONDENT – CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 597 OF 2012 – 2024 INSC 462 – July 3, 2024.